Aims: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a frequent in-hospital complication after cardiac surgery. Surprisingly, despite its prevalence, management of this condition has not been well studied. One promising approach that has been evaluated in a limited number of studies is use of anticoagulation. However, the trends and patterns of real-world use of anticoagulation in POAF patients has not been systemically investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine real-world patterns of anticoagulation use for patients with POAF. Methods: We identified 200 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass (CABG) or cardiac valve surgery at University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center over a 2 year period beginning January 2016 with new onset POAF. We reviewed charts to verify candidacy for inclusion in the study and to extract data on anticoagulation use, adverse outcomes, and CHA2DS2-VASc scores. Results: Anticoagulation use was low after CABG, but high after bioprosthetic valve surgery. The most common anticoagulant used was warfarin. Anticoagulation use was not correlated with CHA2DS2-VASc score or cardioversion. Stroke and mortality were higher among patients not receiving anticoagulation, however, confirmation of this finding in larger randomized studies is warranted. Conclusion: Anticoagulation use is low after CABG and this practice does not appear to be affected by CHA2DS2VASc score or cardioversion. This differs with previously reported provider attitudes towards management of this condition. Stroke and mortality appear to be elevated for patients not receiving anticoagulation but further investigation is required to confirm this observation.